The aim of this study was to compare FA and CTNav techniques for PPS with regard to accuracy, complications, and radiation dosage. More recently, newer intraoperative imaging techniques have been developed for PPS, including CT-guided navigation (CTNav). Traditional technique for PPS makes use of C-arm fluoroscopy assistance (FA).
Percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) placement is a key step in several minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) procedures.
